The RUDAS is developed for the assessment of cognitive impairment and dementia in culturally and linguistically diverse CALD people, and in those with limited levels of education. It is easily translatable into different languages and has been shown to detect dementia regardless of the language spoken or the educational level of the person tested. The RUDAS is a short cognitive screening instrument that was designed to minimise the effects of educational level, cultural background, gender and language on cognitive screening.
The six-item RUDAS assesses multiple cognitive domains including memory, praxis, language, judgement, visuoconstructional drawing and body orientation. It is a validated tool, based on evidence from multiple studies conducted in , and Can be used in any clinical setting such as in-hospital, out-patient clinic and community-based.
Also can be used in any clinical speciality but commonly used by geriatricians, psychogeriatricians, neuropsychologists and neurologists. It is used in the Aged Care Application to assess eligibility for the Dementia and Cognition Supplement for in-home care in people that are from a culturally or linguistically diverse background. Administration and scoring guide. Further information from Dementia Australia.
Instruction booklet. It is used in the Aged Care Application to assess eligibility for the Dementia and Cognition Supplement for in-home care in patients that are Indigenous Australians an Aboriginal person or Torres Strait Islander who lives in a rural or remote area. The 4AT is designed to be used by any Healthcare professional at first contact with the patient, and at any other time when delirium is suspected. It is a short tool for delirium assessment, designed to be easy to use in clinical care and specifically for routine clinical practice.
It is suitable for use by all practitioners with a basic knowledge of delirium. All patients can be assessed, including those unable to speak e. Note that the 4AT is not designed for repeated two to three times per day monitoring for new onset delirium in inpatients. The 4AT is one of the best-validated delirium assessment tools globally.
The CAM is a structured questionnaire developed as a brief screen for delirium. It is designed for use in older people at high risk of developing delirium e. It can also distinguish people with delirium-only from those with delirium superimposed on dementia, a clinically important distinction since the latter strongly predicts a worse medical outcome.
When the CAM is used alongside cognitive testing the differential diagnosis of dementia from delirium can be enhanced. The CAM is very widely utilised and has been translated into several languages. A three-minute diagnostic version 3D-CAM has been validated. The DRS-R is recommended if more detailed testing is required. The DRAT is used to assess delirium risk for hospitalised older people and is performed in conjunction with cognitive screening.
This tool identifies key risk factors that predispose an older person to delirium and risk factors that may precipitate delirium and recommends further investigations, if there is a change in behaviour. Population group: for all people over 65 all over 45 ATSI or all with known predisposing factors and all with known related conditions. The DRS-R is a comprehensive scale designed to measure delirium and its severity.
It is a revised version of the original DRS scale and be applied to people with or without dementia. It has excellent inter-rater reliability and can distinguish people with delirium versus illness due to other causes e. The DRS-R can also distinguish people with delirium-only from those with delirium superimposed on dementia, an extremely important distinction since the latter strongly predicts a more adverse medical outcome. The DRS-R has been translated into several languages.
For more rapid testing by non-specialists the CAM may be more appropriate. Answer sheet. Skip to main content Skip to main navigation. Home Resources Aged Health Screening and assessment tools. Screening and assessment tools for older people. This resource contains 55 screening and assessment tools relating to behaviour, cognition, delirium, dementia, depression, disability, multicultural tools and Aboriginal tools.
Having a centralised list of tools will increase awareness among clinicians about what is available and will aid decision-making when choosing a tool for use. Thank you to all those who contributed to the development of this resource. This test also forms part of the Mini-Cog tool. Original Cognistat: 20 mins. It is designed to be suitable to assess cognition in persons in nursing home settings.
Variable: dependent on the severity of information processing difficulty and the complexity of tasks assessed. A tester familiar with the PRPP can complete the assessment of one person on four or five tasks in hours. It is a version of the MMSE.
It is designed for use in older people at high risk of developing delirium. Author and year Teng and Chui, Licensing, fees or copyright details 3MS test and manual free of charge for qualified professionals. Materials can be downloaded after obtaining approval from the Alzheimer Disease Research Center at the University of Southern California. Training materials No formal training is needed; however it is recommended that the interviewer gain mastery over the administration and scoring of the instrument.
Archives of Neurology, 52 5 , — Teng, E. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48 8 , — Tsoi, K. Author and year Hsieh et al. For other uses, please contact the original authors to seek permission. Reading: Tsoi, K. Copyright held by John Hodges. November International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. PMID D McRaithe et al. Author and year Gavin et al, Licensing, fees or copyright details The AD8 can be used without modification or editing of any kind solely for clinical care purposes and non-commercial research.
For more information on permission and licensing, please visit the AD8 website or the licensing page of the University of Washington in St. The AD8: a brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology, 65 4 , — Author and year Rosen et al, Licensing, fees or copyright details Free of charge to healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes. Rosen, W. Am J Psychiatry, 11 : — Author and year Licensing, fees or copyright details Free. No permission or registration is required to download and use.
Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age and Ageing, Volume 1, Issue 4, , Pages — Piotrowicz et al, Validation of the Hodkinson abbreviated mental test as a screening instrument for dementia in an Italian population.
Age Ageing. Screening for dementia in general hospital inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of available instruments. Construct validity of the item geriatric depression scale in older medical inpatients.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. Licensing, fees or copyright details Training materials No formal training. The clock-drawing test: review. Age and Ageing ; Training materials Training media Time to administer Original Cognistat: 20 mins.
Two additional four word lists are provided for the memory section. Reading: Peer-reviewed articles. The FAB is a brief screen for executive dysfunction associated with damage to the frontal lobe. It can be administered in many settings and is well-accepted by consumers. Author and year Dubois et al, Licensing, fees or copyright details Free of charge to healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes.
The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology, 55 11 , — Arch Neurol. Nakaaki, S. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Frontal Assessment Battery in patients with the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia.
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61 1 , 78— Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50 3 , — Brodaty, H. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19 9 , — American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14 5 , — Seeher, K. The informant or proxy rater needs to have known the patient for 10 years Sansoni, et al Author and year Jorm and Korten, Licensing, fees or copyright details Free of charge to healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes.
Training materials A training video and guide is available Vertesi et al. Readings: Jorm, A. International Psychogeriatrics, 16 3 , — Australian Health Services Research Institute, Butt Z and Butt Z Sensitivity of the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline: an application of item response theory.
International Psychogeriatrics. Isella V, Villa L, Russo A, et al Discriminative and predictive power of an informant report in mild cognitive impairment. Assessing older persons: measures, meaning and practical applications.
Journal of Neurology. Reading: strokengine. Author and year Borson et al. Written permission is required for non-commercial research use, and for all commercial applications, a licensing agreement is required. For more information on the conditions of use and to obtain written permission, please visit the Mini-Cog website.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 15 11 — Validated tool in stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's populations. Author and year Nasreddine et al. Written permission is required for non-commercial research use, and for all commercial applications, Licensing Agreement is required.
For more information on the conditions of use and to obtain written permission, please register at the MoCA website. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53 4 , —9. NSW Health holds a statewide license for use. Reading: researchgate. Free of charge to healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes.
Training materials They have a formal training booklet which guides the training of staff in the administration of the tests for the ACFI. Time to administer mins Administered by Healthcare professional Availability in NSW Health Statewide form ref NH Official website No website Further information Online demo YouTube A standardised interview which is designed to assess the changes over time within dementia and depression — using a set of scales and also via an interview with an informant.
The Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales: a multidimensional alternative to categorical diagnoses of dementia and depression in the elderly. Psychological Medicine, 25 3 , — Jorm, A. Assessment of cognitive impairment and dementia using informant reports. Clinical Psychology Review, 16 1 , 51— International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16 3 , — Author and year Chapparo and Ranka, Licensing, fees or copyright details Training materials Courses Time to administer Variable: dependent on the severity of information processing difficulty and the complexity of tasks assessed.
Author and year Wilson, Cockburn and Baddeley, , update Includes manual, 25 record forms, two stimulus books, novel task stimulus material, story card, message envelope, alarm, and timer. Training materials No formal training, instructions included in the manual.
The test can be used by clinical psychologists, occupational therapists and speech and language pathologists. This scale has been designed for the geriatric population Burns, Training materials Users need to be familiar with the paper by Molloy and Standish The S-MMSE has a detailed manual available from the author, describing how to administer and score each item.
Use and interpretation. Canadian Family Physician. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Folstein, M. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12 3 : — Box , Tucson AZ However, the TMT is in the public domain and can be reproduced without permission.
Other versions e. Training materials Reading the segment in Spreen, O. Time to administer mins Administered by Healthcare professional Availability in NSW Health Official website Visit website for TMT Trail Making Test Further information Some studies suggest practice effects particularly for Part A; if there are plans to refer the patient for neuropsychological assessment, it is recommended that use of this tool is discussed with the neuropsychologist first so as to reduce the potential for practice effects with repeated administration.
Readings: Spreen, O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
Author and year Marin et al, Licensing, fees or copyright details Free of charge to healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes. Apathy in dementia: An examination of the psychometric properties of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19 1 , 57— Marin, R. Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale.
Psychiatry Research, 38 2 , — Author and year Reisberg et al, Licensing, fees or copyright details Free of charge to Australian healthcare professionals for non-commercial clinical or research purposes. For other users or purposes, please contact the original authors to seek permission.
International Psychogeriatrics, 8 2 , — Monteiro, I. European Psychiatry, 16, 5. Reisberg, B. Plenum Press, New York, pp. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 38 1—2 , 89— Author and year Cohen-Mansfield et al Licensing, fees or copyright details The CMAI is copyrighted but can be used free of charge for non-commercial purposes.
For other uses, please contact the original author to seek permission. Please consult the manual for proper use of the scale. Training materials An instruction manual and training video are available from the authors. Agitated Behaviors in the Elderly: I. A Conceptual Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34 10 , — Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
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Please wait while you are redirected to the right page The exclusion criteria were the articles in other than Persian and English language, and the articles on younger populations.
Disagreements between reviewers about the articles were resolved by consensus. If consensus was not reached the final decision was made by a third independent reviewer. Of the initial studies considered, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, which assess the ADL and IADL performance of older adults. The characteristics of the studies were presented in Table 2. This standard can be used either to assess the methodological quality of a study or to compare the properties of various measurement instruments in a systematic review, which was done by two independent reviewers In this study, the measurement properties are divided into two domains: reliability and validity.
The results of psychometric properties of measures are presented in Table 3. This tool assesses 10 activities related to Basic ADL consisting: bowels, bladder, grooming, feeding, toilet use, transfer, mobility, dressing, stairs, and bathing. The estimated total score for each person varies from 0 maximum disability and dependency to 20 maximum strength and independence.
A total change of at least two points indicates a significant change in the degree of independence and dependence of the individual Oveisgharan et al. This tool is designed to assess the Basic ADL function among older adults in the community and all care settings.
The total score varies between 6 maximum performance and 0 lack of performance. A score 6 indicates the full function, 4 indicates moderate impairment, and 2 or less indicates severe functional impairment This tool has been translated into American, Brazilian, and Turkish versions 21 - The Persian version of Katz Index has been validated by Azad et al.
This tool consists of 18 items that evaluate 6 functional areas of the individual. This tool is useful for stroke patients in all age groups, and the use of this tool requires training and specialty courses under the supervision of trained people The Persian version of this instrument has been validated by Naghdi et al. The internal consistency of the items was good to excellent 0. The 17 items of this tool are based on performance-based evaluation direct observation of the evaluated function , and 3 items are based on semi-structured interviews with the person or other people individual's caregivers and completed by a questionnaire.
The Scoring of this tool varies from 0 full independency to 3 full dependency. It measures individual autonomy in ADL based on four executive performance skills including formulating the goal, planning, carrying out the task, and verifying the initial goal This tool is available in both Canadian and French versions 29 , The validity and reliability of this tool have not been studied in Iran.
This tool assesses the ADL performance of individuals with Alzheimer's in six areas of self-care, household care, employment and recreation, shopping and money, travel and communication. Each of the areas of this tool includes a set of activities that individuals or caregivers should answer to them. For scoring each item a 4-point scale from 0 no problem to 3 need help for completion and long-term is used.
Also, there is a score of 9 in each question, which indicates that there is a lack of ability to do activity or not knowing the activity by the individuals.
If the person is not familiar with the activity and has not done it in the past, the score of 9 is given to that task. The scoring and calculations of the questionnaire are available in the questionnaire. This tool is available in both Australian and Swedish versions It evaluates the ADL performance of individuals with visual impairment. This tool is designed as a desk based clinical assessment and includes two areas: the first contains 18 observational items in the field of ADL functions, and the second includes 9 items for self-care activities.
Scoring for each item is based on independence, speed, and accuracy of performance on a five descriptive Likert scale 4 -0 This scale includes 24 items that assess the ADL performance of individuals with Parkinson's.
The scoring scale for this tool is 5 points for each activity and varies from 5 ability to do work alone and without difficulty to 1 unable to do activity This is available in two British and Serbian versions 38 , The Persian version of this scale is not available. It evaluates the IADL of stroke patients. The score for each item is varied from 1 lowest level of activity to 4 highest level of activity so that the sum of the minimum points is equal to 15 and the sum of the maximum points is equal to 60 This tool also has two modifications of 13 and 18 items, respectively, by the modified version of 13 items in by Tooth et al.
However, the original version of the questionnaire 15 items is still used. This tool has been translated and verified in Canadian, Dutch, and Chinese versions 43 - The Persian version of this tool is not available.
This tool is actually an upgraded version of the ADL Profile, developed to evaluate the IADL performance of individuals that are closely related to the environmental performance. This tool includes 29 items in 8 areas: putting on outdoor clothes, going to the grocery store, shopping for groceries, preparing a hot meal for guests, having a meal with guests, cleaning up after a meal, getting information and making a budget.
This tool is an ecological measure in relation to the degree of individual autonomy in doing activities in the community and at home. The Canadian version of this tool is available and for use requires the presence of workshops held by the developer This tool includes 8 activities: the ability to use a phone, shopping, meal preparation, housekeeping, laundry, the model of transportation, the responsibility for owns medication, and the ability to handle finance.
The scoring scale is zero and one, and the sum of the scores is varied from 0 low function, dependence to 8 high function, independence Given the items in this tool, women can answer up to 8 questions, but men do not need to answer 3 items related to: meal preparation, housekeeping, and laundry.
However, recent studies suggest that it is better for men to respond to these items and questions, as these items together provide a good predictor of the independence and dependence of the older adult on IADL performance This scale has been translated and validated in Australian, Spanish, Malay and Korean versions 49 - This scale was also translated into Persian by Hassani Mehraban et al.
Performance Assessment of Self-care Skills PASS : This tool is a criterion reference, client reference, performance-based and observational that was developed in by Rogers and Holm. This tool consists of 26 tasks and sub-tasks. This tool assesses the IADL performance of individuals in four functional areas: functional mobility including 5 items , Basic ADL including 3 items , ADL function with an emphasis on physical performance 4 items , ADL function with an emphasis on cognitive function 14 items This tool has been translated into Persian by Taghizadeh et al.
This scale is a performance-based scale that contains 24 items in 4 areas of: time, money, calculation, and communication.
Only the American version of this tool is available Applying the right and proper assessment tools can help therapists achieve a suitable intervention plan. The purpose of this study is to identify the outcome measures specific to the ADL and IADL for older adults and to investigate the psychometric properties of these measures.
Each of the above tools has some advantages and limitations that therapists and researchers must take into account to choose the right and proper assessment tools based on its clinical utility or research purpose. Researchers report that the Katz questionnaire, given the shortness number of items and the general questions specific to the elderly living in the care centers, can be more effective for therapists than the other two scales Barthel, FIM in the elderly care centers 19 , On the other hand, translated versions of the two Barthel and FIM scales are more relevant to the Katz questionnaire, which indicates more use of this tool in assessing the ADL performance of older 17 , Laura Duffy in a study showed that the participants reported that Barthel's questionnaire was much easier to complete than the FIM questionnaire Another point to consider is that, given the fact that FIM has used the 7-point Likert scale in scoring, it can report the difference between maximum independence and maximum dependence of individuals with more caution and accuracy The ADL profile and AusTOMs are performance-based tools, although these tools provide much more accurate information than other tools in relation to ADL performance of individuals, but the time duration for completing this assessment takes hours so it is perhaps more difficult for older adults and make them exhausted 28 , 36 , besides the AusTOMs tool is a tool developed for the Australian context 36 , and it's better to be used in its context and culture.
The ADLQ tool is a comprehensive tool for assessing the ADL performance of individuals with cognitive impairment, in particular Alzheimer's patients, and because it is available in Canadian 31 , Chinese 32 , Spanish 33 , Brazilian 35 and Chilean 35 versions it indicate the high utilization of this tool in assessing the ADL performance of older adults with Alzheimer's.
According to that, the psychometric properties of this tool in Iran have not been studied yet. It is suggested that the psychometric properties of this tool be studied in Iran to be used as a useful tool for assessing the ADL performance of older adults by therapists and researchers. Among the ADL assessment tools in older adults the MLVAI tool is specially developed for individuals with visual impairment, and since vision loss is one of the first symptoms in the aging process, this tool can be used to evaluate the ADL performance of older adults with visual impairment.
However, given the fact that this tool is also a performance-based tool and requires training, it seems less satisfying than other assessment tools The especial tool for assessing the ADL performance of older adults with Parkinson's disease, is the SPDDS tool, which is specific to the Parkinson's disease and is free and does not require any training The psychometric properties of this scale have not been studied in Iran so it is recommended that the Persian version and the psychometric properties of this tool be studied in Iran.
The FAI tool is developed specifically for patients with stroke and is usable to examine the progress of the IADL function of patients by 3 to 6 months after the stroke period; so it used in these patients frequently As the Persian version of this tool is not available in Iran, it is suggested that the psychometric properties of this tool in Iran be studied.
But the limiting factor for using this tool is the need for training courses that requires a fee Among these tools, perhaps the most widely used available tool in the Persian version is the Lawton questionnaire, which evaluates 8 IADL performance in older adults 47 , An implausible point in using this tool in the context of Iran is the existence of a culture of domestic and out-of-home duties based on gender in Iran. Since some items in the Lawton questionnaire, such as meal preparation and laundry, are the tasks and responsibilities that are most often done by women, the lack of responsiveness to these questions by men leads to a reduction in their rating in the field of IADL performance and this is due to the fact that this reduction is due to cultural differences, not because of the inability to do those tasks.
Therefore, it is advisable to be careful about the use of this tool in Iran. While the PASS tool is performance-based and has accurate information about the ability of the older adults to do IADL functions, use of this tool is time-consuming and somewhat boring for older adults.
One of the best ways that occupational therapists can play a role in health management of elderlies is to find a common language between rehabilitation specialists and other disciplines such as physicians. Comprehensive assessment of the needs of elderlies especially the needs related to ADL and IADL using approved assessment tools is important.
This study tried to introduce the ADL and IADL assessment tools of elderlies for the use of occupational therapists and encourage them to use these assessment tools and do there interventions based on the comprehensive evaluation.
Assessment tools that can report ADL and IADL performance of individuals, especially in older adults, is partly dependent on the culture that dominates the community.
Because performance-based tools are tools that give information that is more accurate to therapists and researchers, the use of these tools is better than subjective tools, but most performance-based tools have been developed in other communities and cultures.
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